Wednesday 28 March 2012

Magazine Front Cover Templates








These are potential design ideas for my magazine front cover, and I have chosen colours which
are appropriate with my demographic and also in relation to my movie trailer. I chose these
colours in specific because they all have connotations in which I can link to with my trailer.
Firstly black has connotations of darkness and death. Red has connotations of anger, danger.

Poster Templates









Shown above are the templates for the design of my movie poster. I have taken into consideration the colour scheme, this must help sell the media product, also in terms of the conventions of a movie poster, I have not done anything out of the ordinary, however I have experimented the different styles I can use in terms of the placement of the individual texts.

Tuesday 27 March 2012

Synopsis of Slasher Film

Brief
This is a Synopsis of our slasher film, we have plotted out the whole film, so that we can become familiar to the plot rather than just adding in random shots to our trailer, which could make things confusing. This is more or less the base line, of our end product.

Synopsis
It all starts off with a group of class mates having an unofficial party to celebrate their last year in college together, this takes place during the night, in their local park/woods. Things seem to start off smoothly, as you would expect from any normal party, the promiscuous girls within the group are partying hard and the one mousy, smart, nerdy girl is taking it easy. However the main character confronts the girl, and they talk. They're having a nice night and as they are drunk, they don't have full control of what they are doing, and they also find it hard to remember what happened. Up until the next morning, when the main character (Digvijay) thanks the girl for a great night. The girl (Raquel) being a virgin asks herself if she did this, and so she consoles in her friends, and they all say that she did. Nobody is sure what's going on, so the next day she confronts Digvijay, and he replies 'It was a great night, I had a good time, but I don't want anymore.' Raquel previously liked him, and no her heart is broken because he used her for sex. The next day in the group of girl friends another boy approaches one of the girls, and asks for a night out and so she agree's. It ends up in the bedroom, however there is a shadowy figure seen in the mirror brandishing a knife so thick that the face in the mirror is unable to be seen. this persons beings stabbing the boy frantically to the point where he is lifeless. This carries on to all of the boy's who are friends with Digvijay, and finally she gets a hold of him, who is kidnapped, and put into a dark room, alone, tied to a chair. The masked figure removes the mask, and Raquel is found to be under the mask. She then starts to torture him, while screaming 'this is the last time you'll ever be able to do this to someone, you MONSTER.' However a detective who has been following her trail, stumbles upon them, and Raquel vanishes, leaving her mask hanging on a nail on the wall. However towards the end, a hand is seen, grabbing the mask off the nail. However things are uneasy, as to who it is.

Sunday 25 March 2012

Slasher Film Trailer (Story Board Sheets)

Firstly we had planned out how we wanted our trailer to look, with shots drawn into story board sheets, we then uploaded the shots and converted them into a still video. This shows us the shots that we need to have, and the mood/tension they create and emphasis on. We also took into conisderation the sounds, although the music is not ours, it acts as a guide for us, so we know to keep the editing of shots in sync with the music.



This is our planning section for our story board sheets, which helped us to make our draft trailer;

The trailer starts off beginning with the production companies and eerie music. It will show images of the production companies such as film 4 etc. It will then move on to an establishing shot of the park and then an image of the sun going down. 
Then quick scenes in which it will show characters happy at first enjoying themselves then it will fade out to darkness will be shown. It will have a quote in between this transition saying “I have never physically felt this scared in my life” and it will be a quote from a magazine from a movie. 
It will then have many people surrounding her asking her “what’s wrong”. It will then fade in to a happy scene in which leaves are falling from the trees and the main killer is walking calmly through the streets as leaves fall around her. 
 The voice over man will then proceed to say “Being ordinary isn’t easy”. 
It will then cut to another shot of her with the other main character in which they are talking and he says “come with me let’s have a bit of fun”.  
The scene will then fade out again and the voice over man will then say whilst the darkness is occurring “everyone has their breaking point”. 
 It will then have a few shots that are flashing every half second as if to give the effect the light is going on and off constantly. It will be her ripping photos off her wall. The next few shots will involve her grabbing one photo, circling specific people on the photo and putting sticking a knife on the middle of the image. The next shot will be transitioned through flashes however they will be dark flashes and it will zoom into the image, flash back again and show the boy smiling, then flash again and show the knife on the photo of his head. 

Throughout this all the eerie music continues however when it flashes screams will be heard in the background. The screams will be slightly loud however not too loud that they are overpowering the eerie sounds. However when the eerie sound in this trailer stops during the flashes and the fading out the screams will be the only thing heard.

It will then move onto a shot of the boy that was with the girl at the start of this tied to a chair with cello tape over his mouth and him panicking. The girl will then proceed to say “revenge is sweet” with a knife to his cheek. Throughout this entire shot it is completely quiet apart from when she says these words then the tempo of the music increases slightly after. It is then a shot of another boy talking to a girl; it then cuts to them hugging on the bed and then an image of the girl in a mirror behind them just looking over them. It then flashes and shows the boy on the floor dead in a puddle of blood and then flashes to the girl with a knife raised over the bed before cutting to screams and the words “stop it, please don’t stop it”. It will then move to the killer hugging the boy she was with at the beginning then transitions forward to her being angry at him and asking him questions. 

After the end card it is the camera handheld. Panting is heard and so is a heartbeat. It shows the killer (Raquel) walking towards the camera on a normal street. The camera then hides behind a wall and as it pops out again for another look she is looking directly at the camera and says “Where you going” before showing an evil smile.

The montage sequence will consist of a lot of panic throughout it all. It will contain chases the girl chasing the main boy; it will have a knife with blood on it and the blood dripping off the knife. Then it will show the shots of one of the character screaming. A shot of a body twitching on the floor with blood around the mouth.

Ambitious - If able to do it I will have the montage sequence slowly get smaller and it ends up in an image of the girls eye as she begins to smile and the montage image continues in her eye as her smile becomes more evil then it flashes to the end image which shows the name of the film and the cast. Preferably with smoke surrounding the wording.

Wednesday 21 March 2012

Analysis of Existing Horror Film Magazines

Fangoria astonishing confidence in their brand identity, that they can afford to obstruct their mast head, this means that the audience are so familiar with this magazine, that even if the title is not seen, they can identify without any trouble. This is a good sign of brand identity because the audience can easily relate to the magazine, in terms of the mast head, colour scheme and the layout. This plays an important role in a magazine because it helps sell the magazine when in stores, to existing customers, and also potential customers, also this allows the magazine to be easily recognised amongst other competing magazines. The magazine can also afford to change the font of the title, this shows the confidence level of the magazine, in terms of audience awareness. This shows that brand identity of any product is very important. The colour scheme for Fangoria is mainly red, white and yellow, with red taking up the majority of the space within the magazine. This issue of fangoria uses a contemporary star, who at the moment is very successful with what she does, and is very well identified. This immediately helps the audience relate to the magazine, as it instantly allows the targeted demographic to identify her, this in turn helps the magazine sell, and can be placed in less popular spots when being sold.









Talk about how these 2 films have colour scheme of black and yellow
which was once the old version of colour scheme to relate to horror/slasher
film movies. Horror/slasher film posters in the past had a different colour scheme to them as appose to what they have now, for example the cannibal holocaust movie poster, has a red and yellow coloured title. Furthermore they tended to consist of really graphic paintings, rather than having real life images. These had a major effect, because they allowed the audience to realise how gory the film is, however when watching the film, you would see the full extent to this.



I Spit on your Grave, is another great example, of a very extreme movie, in terms of the content, and gore. This also has use of red and yellow, and the more mordern version of this film, shows the colour scheme for an average horror/slasher film in the present.

Functional and Narrative Analysis of Synopsis

For the trailer, we were required to make a full movie plot, so that we knew what the trailer would consist of, rather than adding in bits as we go. For the plot we decided to break some codes and conventions, we did this by making sure that the girl is the killer, and this will be made very clear so that the audience recognise what we are trying to do. This will cause more suspense between the audience and the movie, because the characters themselves do not know who the killer is, and the audience does, so they will feel ironic sympathy towards the characters within the film. Also we have made the main killer, a mousy, brunette girl, and this again breaks the codes and conventions of a typical horror movie. The message behind horror/slasher films usually tend to be, that sex is bad for you. To reinforce this, the knife symbolises sexual contents, and usually the blonde, sexually active girl is the one to die, and she is killed by the knife which is mostly held by a male figure. We could easily create a new message behind our movie, because we chose to break the codes and conventions in a specific way. The message we are conveying over to the audience is that, ‘if you take a girls virginity, she will take your life.’ Not technically, but in a way that, you could get her pregnant, or you could end up in a bad place because of this event. When thinking about the society which we all live in, which is a little patriarchal, which intends that males have more power over women, which in some cases is true. Our trailer will portray the message out to the audience that having sex before marriage, or just for the sake of it, can lead to serious conclusions. We have also given the girl the power, so that means that girls are more dominant than men, when thought about within this film, or they are equal, and just doing what is right. This also shows that just because a girl is a mousy, nerdy girl she is not to be taken advantage of, as at first she is seen holding books in our trailer and then she is holding a knife, which will get the message out loud and clear. 
 Also the location of the movie, is in a suburban area, which is an ideal place to take into consideration when making a horror/slasher film, mainly because so that the audience can relate to this. The majority of the demographic would live in an area like this, and so they do not feel safe at their own home.
Given that of the props, we have decided to make the killer have some sort of obstruction to her face; this will create tension between the audience and the film, because they can then portray their very own fears onto the figure on screen.
We are also planning on using some elements of German expressionism, which is the effect of using lighting to create mood and tension. It is not the lighting itself but the shadows created from the lights. Using the light at different angles create sharp ragged shadowy shapes which allow the character to be seen with a lot more consideration, great example for this, is ‘Psycho’ where the killer, is seen standing, with shadows on the floor, which do not look normal. This makes the audience think, and so that the character is portrayed in much more detail. You can almost get an instant judgement towards them.
We have taken into consideration of Vladimir Propp’s theory. Which are basically that there are always 8 types of characters, these are the benefactor, the villain, the hero, the ineffective character, etc.  These characters can easily be identified within the majority of films, the benefactor is usually an elderly person, which gives advice to the youth, however obviously the youth do not take the advice being given by the benefactor, and then realise they were wrong to choose otherwise. The villain always in some shape or form will always have an obstruction to his face; this is because it creates tension between the audience and the product. The reason behind the mask or scars or anything obstructing the face of the villain is to create an effect that the audience can then interpret into their very own image. They see their worst fears behind the mask, on the subject.
Iconography plays a big part in the film, because as explained before, the villain in a horror film will have a knife, and this has representations of sexual contents, and for our trailer, we have chosen to keep this, mainly because it breaks the usual codes and conventions, the main character in our film is a girl, who is the villain. We have decided to subvert some more of the codes and conventions of an average horror/slasher film, in order to do this, we have chosen not to give her a mask, this is to create an ironic sympathy, the audience will know who is the killer however the characters within the film will not know who the killer is, and because at first she is sweet and innocent, the audience can also then relate to that.
Within our trailer when talking about sound, the majority of the trailer will contain diegetic sound; however we will also have some elements of non-diegetic sound. We will also be using the ‘hand held camera’ style for some parts of the trailer; this is to create a shaky effect. This will immediately give the trailer some intensity, as it looks like a point of view shot, and not shaky means that it is like watching from the view point of someone else, as this will put the audience in the shoes of the killer or the victim. For the non-diegetic sound part of the trailer, we will have some eerie music playing in the background; this again is to help the intensity of the trailer. We have also thought about the camera angles, in ways the shots we have taken, this has a huge impact on the representation we will portray on each of the characters. Having the girl in the shot from above, makes her look small, however we will then take the shots from below, giving her huge power, and letting the audience consciously know that she has gained a dramatic amount of power.

Monday 19 March 2012

Brief

For our media coursework we were required to produce a slasher film trailer, magazine front cover and a film poster, and then to answer the following questions;

1. In what ways does your media product use, develop or challenge forms and convenitions of real media products?
2. How effective is the combination of your main product (trailer) and ancillary tasks (poster and magazine front cover)?
3. What have you learnt from your audience feedback?
4. How did you use media technologies in the construction and research, planning and evaluation stages?

Analysis of Existing Horror Film Posters

Saw is a fairly new slasher film, which in terms of movie posters, breaks some of the codes and conventions, this is done in one way, which is the most obvious and that is that the poster will have a white background, and this goes on throughout the rest of the saw posters, this is evidence of brand identity, and this enables the audience to acknowledge the brand. When looking at the other slasher posters I have looked at, the majority or all of them are that of a black background, to help them connote meanings of death and horror. Doing this not only breaks the codes and conventions, but because white has a completely different meaning behind it. Having a black background like Halloween and  tells us that there is something lurking within the darkness, this is scary for some people, however having the fact that there could be something lurking within the light, this will portray to the audience that there is something more vicious just under our noses.

Also the main image on the posters for saw are very gory, and intense, this differs from the other posters as they usually show the masked killer, however having a ‘disturbing’ image on the front cover, which sort of tell the story is a good thing, because it would appeal to the audience in a clear way, meaning that this is a good way to target your chosen demographic.

When looking at the image itself of the first saw poster, it shows a bruised hand with blood dripping, this immediately tells the audience that the film will be extremely gory, if that is something they are willing to show on their posters, also it shows a sense of torture which is evidentially the main aspect of the plot. The fact that the hand seen on the poster is on the floor, which looks like it is on a tiled hospital floor, this in some way can relate back to the audience, because it is in a place that we have visited some time in our life, or eventually will some time in our lives.

This relates to other horror films because most of them are located somewhere in the suburbs, which is where the majority of the audience will be living, so this will make them feel uneasy in their very own homes. The poster does a good job in giving away just a tiny fraction of the story line away, and also because it is the first poster for saw, people would not know how the plot ends up. However given that the hand is bruised, and scarred, it implies to us that there will be some sort of horrific death, or maybe it will be nothing but horrific deaths. The fact that only the hand is seen in the poster, instantly tells us that this is the victim’s hand, however not being able to see the victims face, the audience is unable to identify who the body belongs to, so they are left feeling uncomfortable. This would be a great way of marketing because it makes the existing audience, much more aware and tempted to go and watch the film.

Through all these posters you can easily recognise the posters are of the film saw, this is because of the colour scheme set, which in this case is white/grey. This is a good example of brand identity, where the relevance to each of these posters are to be in some way related to each other and easy for the audience/viewer, to identify the similarities.

 The typography of this is fairly simple, the letters themselves are in capital letters which has connotations of seriousness and this helps reinforce the other pieces of the poster to send its message across to the audience. The letters are uneven and out of place, giving a much more horrific feeling because the film could break ALL boundaries.

 The main images themselves are graphical, all of which portray some sort of torture. This gives away the story plot in some ways, however for me; personally I think that seeing these instantly tells me to go watch the film, just because it will be graphically gory. This could be the majority of teenagers, and again this will allow for the audience to relate more to the product.







 Halloween is a slasher film. The original on the left has a colour scheme which consists of black, white and orange (reddish) for the more contemporary poster; it also consists of the same colour scheme. This would be identified as brand identity, this is especially important to a movie company, in terms of marketing, first because it allows the audience to relate to the new version, from the old version. Secondly if the first version was a huge success people would essentially pay just to see a remake of that film, simply because it was good. The typography of both of the posters are capitalized this suggests seriousness, and although the colouring on these two are different, they both have the same meaning being sent across. In the original version the only sense of light is from the white writing, and in the more conventional poster, the orange seems to be the only source of light.

 The original poster on the left has amazing artistic content; this can be easily seen in the knife which is being held by a hand, out of the dark. The knife then descends to the right, slowly changing to the figure of a pumpkin. The pumpkin has connotations of evil, and that of something lurking amongst us, the connotations can change for a pumpkin, depending on the event, as it is especially thought of as a scary object during Halloween. This in my opinion is an amazing poster for a slasher film, because not only is the knife slashing through the dark, representing the actual slasher contents, but it also has a pumpkin, which is seen all round during Halloween, portraying that the sight of a pumpkin is going to have some sort of dangerous meaning. This relates to the audience because they will feel uneasy in their very own society. Additionally this is a good marketing strategy because if the audience is to feel uneasy they are more likely to go and watch the film to ‘face their fears.’





Scream 4 has a poster which is fairly similar to the first Halloween version. The fact that the mask changes slowly into a knife gives the impression that the masked figure is the killer, which is true. The mask also plays a huge role in the poster, because the mask hides the subjects face, leaving the subject unidentifiable, which then relates to the audience in a way which they then project they’re very own fears onto the subject with the mask on screen, because they simply cannot make out who it is. The background is black, and the mask and knife are a eerie grey, which tells the audience that there is something lurking in the dark. Connotations of black are darkness, evil and death, however the connotations of an eerie grey seen above in the poster, is that of fog, which almost has the same connotations of darkness, obscurity. This both links in well to the message being represented, as it conveys that the masked killer holding the knife is lurking in the dark.

 The typography for the title; is in capitals, again this shows the seriousness and to help reinforce this are the sharp edges on the lettering which is also suggesting that this is a horrific film, the exaggeration on the letter ‘m’ can be easily referred to as a knife, or some sort of sharp object. The catch phrase in terms of typography is fancy; this shows elegance, and intelligence, also when taking into account the killer, they always seem to have some sort of power, that no matter what they get hit by, they seem to get right back up, and they do that with ease. In other words the killers in horror films are

Analysis of Synopsis - Representation

 The killer in our trailer is first of all a female figure. This already twists the codes and convention of the usual slasher film. This will cause more suspense between the audience and the movie, because the characters themselves do not know who the killer is, and the audience does, so they will feel ironic sympathy towards the characters within the film. Also because our society is Patriarchal, in which the male gender acts as the primary/dominant authority figure central to social organization, and where fathers hold authority over women, children and property. It implies the institutions of male rule and privilege, and entails female subordination. The majority of the audience will be relating to this, if not all. Also the fact that the girl is taking control of the situation will challenge the audience sub-consciously; this will also help keep the tension rolling for them. This will all seem new to them, because of the patriarchal society we live in. However we have also chosen other ways in which we can get the audience’s attention, the fact that the girl was at first depressed and caused to become a killer, will help do this. The message behind horror/slasher films usually tend to be, that sex is bad for you. To reinforce this, the knife symbolises sexual contents, and usually the blonde, sexually active girl is the one to die, and she is killed by the knife which is mostly held by a male figure. We could easily create a new message behind our movie, because we chose to break the codes and conventions in a specific way. The message we are conveying over to the audience is that, ‘if you take a girls virginity, she will take your life.’ Not technically, but in a way that, you could get her pregnant, or you could end up in a bad place because of this event. When thinking about the society which we all live in, which is a little patriarchal, which intends that males have more power over women, which in some cases is true. Our trailer will portray the message out to the audience that having sex before marriage, or just for the sake of it, can lead to serious conclusions. We have also given the girl the power, so that means that girls are more dominant than men, when thought about within this film, or they are equal, and just doing what is right. This also shows that just because a girl is a mousy, nerdy girl she is not to be taken advantage of, as at first she is seen holding books in our trailer and then she is holding a knife, which will get the message out loud and clear. Also this is something the audience can relate to, because our audiences, who are 18+, will definitely know or encountered someone of a similar status to that of the killer in our trailer at some point in their lives.
Given that of the props, we have decided to make the killer have some sort of obstruction to her face; this will create tension between the audience and the film, because they can then portray their very own fears onto the figure on screen. Usually this is done via a mask and scars, we have chosen to use makeup, because the killer is a girl, and the makeup is normal to her, also reinforcing the fact that women are seen as monstrous at points, which can also be linked in with the Male Gaze. To help reinforce this, we can also take into consideration of Barbara Creed’s theory, in which she states that women are seen as monstrous. In the majority of horror generic films, monsters usually tend to be seen as a male figure, and the women are usually seen as ‘mans castrated other form from the Freudian position.’
We are also planning on using some elements of German expressionism, which is the effect of using lighting to create mood and tension. It is not the lighting itself but the shadows created from the lights. Using the light at different angles create sharp ragged shadowy shapes which allow the character to be seen with a lot more consideration, great example for this, is ‘Psycho’ where the killer, is seen standing, with shadows on the floor, which do not look normal. This makes the audience think, and so that the character is portrayed in much more detail. You can almost get an instant judgement towards them.
Iconography plays a big part in the film, because as explained before, the villain in a horror film will have a knife, and this has representations of sexual contents, and for our trailer, we have chosen to keep this, mainly because it breaks the usual codes and conventions, the main character in our film is a girl, who is the villain. We have decided to subvert some more of the codes and conventions of an average horror/slasher film, in order to do this, we have chosen not to give her a mask, this is to create an ironic sympathy, the audience will know who is the killer however the characters within the film will not know who the killer is, and because at first she is sweet and innocent, the audience can also then relate to that.
Within our trailer when talking about sound, the majority of the trailer will contain diegetic sound; however we will also have some elements of non-diegetic sound. We will also be using the ‘hand held camera’ style for some parts of the trailer; this is to create a shaky effect. This will immediately give the trailer some intensity, as it looks like a point of view shot, and not shaky means that it is like watching from the view point of someone else, as this will put the audience in the shoes of the killer or the victim. For the non-diegetic sound part of the trailer, we will have some eerie music playing in the background; this again is to help the intensity of the trailer. We have also thought about the camera angles, in ways the shots we have taken, this has a huge impact on the representation we will portray on each of the characters. Having the girl in the shot from above, makes her look small, however we will then take the shots from below, giving her huge power, and letting the audience consciously know that she has gained a dramatic amount of power.
We have taken into consideration of Vladimir Propp’s theory. Which are basically that there are always 8 types of characters, these are the benefactor, the villain, the hero, the ineffective character, etc.  These characters can easily be identified within the majority of films, the benefactor is usually an elderly person, which gives advice to the youth, however obviously the youth do not take the advice being given by the benefactor, and then realise they were wrong to choose otherwise. The villain always in some shape or form will always have an obstruction to his face; this is because it creates tension between the audience and the product. The reason behind the mask or scars or anything obstructing the face of the villain is to create an effect that the audience can then interpret into their very own image. They see their worst fears behind the mask, on the subject.

Analysis of Synopsis - Narrative

Within our trailer there are many theories of narrative that can be applied;
Vladimir Propp studied hundreds and hundreds of Russian folk tales, to realise that there are eight main types of characters, these are; the hero (seeks something), villain (opposes hero), donor/benefactor (helps the hero by providing magical gift/object), dispatcher (sends the hero on his way), the false hero (falsely assuming the role of hero), helper (gives support to the hero), princess (reward for the hero but also needs to be protected from villain), and the father. Although these aren’t exactly the types of characters in films, they are somewhat similar, and the concept can be seen as the same. The hero will always be someone who is sad/uneasy with themselves, due to some sort of bullying in their childhood. Wanting to break free of this sadness, they go out on a quest to find meaning. To assist them is the benefactor, who will give some sort of magical gift/object to the hero, to help him on his journey. (Star wars – Luke is trained in the force, gains lightsaber. Spiderman – spider bites hero). Within our narrative there is no specific hero, however the benefactor gives information about the situation to the ineffective authoritive figure.  The final girl in our narrative does not exist, instead we have chosen to have a final boy, this will challenge the codes and conventions of the narrative, and because our society is not as male dominant, it allows the female figure to look as if she is in full control, and we have also used the male gaze on the male figures throughout the narrative, which will help reinforce this meaning we are trying to convey – the society that we live in now is not as hegemonic as it used to be.

 Tzvetan Todorov argues that narrative involves a transformation. The characters or the situations are transformed through progress of the disruption. Todorov’s theory has five separate parts; Equilibrium>Disruption> Realisation>Reparation>Restoration of Equilibrium. The equilibrium at the end is not the same as it was at the start, however it is somewhat the same, and balance has been restored. The disruption in our narrative is that the girl starts to kill off the main characters male friends. Then there is the realisation, which is recognised by the characters and the ineffective authoritive figure, who then tries to resolve the situation with the help of the benefactor. However the disruption is not fully mended, so the equilibrium is set there, as a new norm for the reality world within the narrative. The girl who is protective of her virginity is the one who tends to survive, who is known as the final girl, usually seen as a mousy, brunette, nerdy looking female figure.
Pam Cook’s theory has four parts;
1. Linear narrative of cause and effects within an overall trajectory of enigma resolution.
2. A fictional world governed by spatial and temporal verisimilitude. (Accepted reality of that reality we can believe).
3. A centrality to the narrative agency of psychologically rounded characters. (Centre of story there will be some sort of human related character, voice, ability, etc…)
4. A high degree of narrative closure. (There will be an end)
Levi Strauss’ theory is based on binary opposites, the world we live in is based upon binary opposites, if there is a bad guy there is a good guy, our narrative has a villain but it does not have an obvious hero.

Roland Barthe’s narrative theory claims that a narrative can be broken down into five codes or a sets of rules. These are;
  • Action code refers to the events that take place within the story.
  • Enigma code refers to the questions raised and answered.
  • Semantic code refers to the characters and characterisation.
  • Referential code refers to the information and explanation.
  • Symbolic code refers to the connotations of signs and symbols.
All of these theories can be thoroughly found within the majority of film texts.